Wala'a Nezar | Welcome

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Embedded Programming

The assignment for this week was to read a microcontroller data sheet and to program our board to do something, with as many different programming languages and programming environments as possible.

the embedded system is a combination of computer software and hardware designed for a specific function. Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, household appliances, airplanes, vending machines and toys, as well as mobile devices, are possible locations for an embedded system.

To program an embedded system, we use embedded programming languages. These languages divided into; the assembly level programming languages, and the high level languages like C, Pascal, and COBOL.

These systems can only understand instructions writing in the machine language, which is mainly consist of ZEROs and ONEs. And since this language is very complex, a low-level assembly language was designed to represent various instructions in symbolic code and forms can be understood.

These low-level languages may be produced by compiling source code from a high-level programming language (such as C/C++) but can also be written from scratch.

The fundamental unit of computer storage is a bit; it could be ON (1) or OFF (0) and a group of 8 related bits makes a byte on most of the modern computers. An assembler is the program that reads the assembly language program, and produces the corresponding machine language back to the machine.

This week’s assignment divided into three parts, first is programming my FABISP I made weeks ago with an Arduino, second is programming my echo hello board using my ISP with Embedded C language, and third is programming input/output Devices board and my final Project board with Arduino language.













Programming my FABISP with Arduino.

In the last weeks when I produced my first FABISP, I programmed it using Arduino in order to be able to use it as a programmer in the future. You can find All the steps and photos Here













Programming my echo Hello board with the FABISP using Embedded C language.

I decided to use the embedded C programming to program my board to light the LED Red while the button pressed and Blue when it not pressed, as a simple start for me in the C language. and then when completing it I will upgrade the code

To be able to do that successfully, I needed to read some documents about the embedded programming and how it should be done for the AVR Microcontrollers. The first reference I used was my instructors’ Nadine site, where she documented in details how and why we do each step. The second was the this tutorial.

So, in order to be able to give your board orders, you have to do the following steps:















  • 1. Write C-Code, save it in a separate folder with .c extension.

Since I used RGB LED in my echo Hello board, I decided to make it simple and write a simple code, as I mentioned I want it to light the LED Red while the button pressed and Blue when it not pressed.

I used this tutorial to learn the basics of the C language. Using the Arduino IDE I first initialized the required input/output avr library as well as the clock frequency of 20 Mhz.

Then defined the output and input ports for the LED and Button.





When I designed my Echo Hello board I didn’t add an input push button to the schematic. So, I decided for now to use a limit switch connected to the FTDI pins since Im not using them.

to set the pins numbers correctly, I used this illustration from the attiny44 datasheet to know the correct name for each pin.














The limit switch is very simple. it has 3 pins, 2 for the GND & VCC and the third the control pin.














below is my full code.















Arduino Code

#include avr/io.h
#include util/delay.h

#define F_CPU20000UL
#define red PA7
#define green PA6
#define blue PB2
#define Button PA1   //  TX PIN from FTDI

int main(void) {
  DDRA = 0b11000000;
  //DDRB = 0b00000100;
  
   while (1) {
      
  if (Button == 1){

    PORTA = 0b1000000; //red high 
  }
  else 
  {
    PORTA = 0b01000000; // blue high
    
  } 
   }
   }
  • 2. Calculate the fuses for your microcontroller.

    • I used this link to calculate the fuses, its simple calculator, you have to select your microcontroller and the clock you’ve used in your board. And from the datasheet you should know what should be checked (programmed (0)), and what should uncheck (unprogrammed (1)).

    I used the datasheet with this tutorial to correctly set the fuses, the table in the tutorial tells you which page in the data sheet you have to look in to set the right value for each register.















  • 3. Prepare your makefile and add it to the same folder with NO extension.

    • The makefile basically is a text file has instructions for a specific project. It will be read and executed using the make command.

    I used neil’s makefile. And edit it to suit my program. I changed the program name to match the C-Code , and deleted all unnecessary lines (kept the first 4 lines for configuring the Makefile and the two lines for program usbtiny and usbtiny fuses).

    So, you can see my make file below.















  • 4. Install the drivers and packages to your PC.

    • This is the same step I did in programming my FABISP Here, but I repeated it since I used another PC.






  • 5. Connect your board to the FABISB using the ISP pin headers, and connect the FABISP to the PC using the USB port.
  • 6. Write the make command.

    • The make command reads the make file, and creates a .hex & .out file from it.

    So, after navigating the folder you created in your PC (that contains the makefile and the C-Code), this step should create a .hex & .out files .

    When I operated this line, it gave me error because the Command 'make' not found, but it gave me a command to install it (sudo apt install make ) , and worked successfully.















  • 7. then write the make (program name) , which is the name you used in the makefile in program lines. and then your board should start working depending on the instructions you wrote in the code.














installing the packages

        
        yazan@YazanPC:~$  sudo apt-get install flex byacc bison gcc libusb-dev avrdude
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  binutils binutils-common binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu cpp-9 gcc-10-base gcc-9
  gcc-9-base libasan5 libatomic1 libbinutils libc-dev-bin libc6 libc6-dbg
  libc6-dev libcc1-0 libcrypt-dev libctf-nobfd0 libctf0 libfl-dev libfl2
  libftdi1 libgcc-9-dev libgcc-s1 libgomp1 libhidapi-libusb0 libitm1 liblsan0
  libquadmath0 libsigsegv2 libstdc++6 libtsan0 libubsan1 libusb-0.1-4
  linux-libc-dev m4 manpages-dev
Suggested packages:
  dfu-programmer avrdude-doc binutils-doc bison-doc gcc-9-locales
  build-essential flex-doc gcc-multilib make autoconf automake libtool gcc-doc
  gcc-9-multilib gcc-9-doc glibc-doc m4-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  avrdude binutils binutils-common binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu bison byacc flex
  gcc gcc-9 libasan5 libatomic1 libbinutils libc-dev-bin libc6-dev
  libcrypt-dev libctf-nobfd0 libctf0 libfl-dev libfl2 libftdi1 libgcc-9-dev
  libhidapi-libusb0 libitm1 liblsan0 libquadmath0 libsigsegv2 libtsan0
  libubsan1 libusb-0.1-4 libusb-dev linux-libc-dev m4 manpages-dev
The following packages will be upgraded:
  cpp-9 gcc-10-base gcc-9-base libc6 libc6-dbg libcc1-0 libgcc-s1 libgomp1
  libstdc++6
9 upgraded, 33 newly installed, 0 to remove and 251 not upgraded.
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Setting up avrdude (6.3-20171130+svn1429-2) ...
Setting up binutils (2.34-6ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libusb-dev (2:0.1.12-32) ...
Setting up libfl-dev:amd64 (2.6.4-6.2) ...
Setting up libgcc-9-dev:amd64 (9.3.0-17ubuntu1~20.04) ...
Setting up gcc-9 (9.3.0-17ubuntu1~20.04) ...
Setting up gcc (4:9.3.0-1ubuntu2) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ...
Processing triggers for install-info (6.7.0.dfsg.2-5) ...
yazan@YazanPC:~$  sudo apt-get install gcc-avr
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  binutils-avr
Suggested packages:
  gcc-doc avr-libc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  binutils-avr gcc-avr
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 251 not upgraded.
Need to get 16.9 MB of archives.
After this operation, 88.5 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 binutils-avr amd64 2.26.20160125+Atmel3.6.2-1 [1,484 kB]
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 gcc-avr amd64 1:5.4.0+Atmel3.6.1-2build1 [15.4 MB]
Fetched 16.9 MB in 13s (1,252 kB/s)                                                                                                          
Selecting previously unselected package binutils-avr.
(Reading database ... 192465 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../binutils-avr_2.26.20160125+Atmel3.6.2-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking binutils-avr (2.26.20160125+Atmel3.6.2-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package gcc-avr.
Preparing to unpack .../gcc-avr_1%3a5.4.0+Atmel3.6.1-2build1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking gcc-avr (1:5.4.0+Atmel3.6.1-2build1) ...
Setting up binutils-avr (2.26.20160125+Atmel3.6.2-1) ...
Setting up gcc-avr (1:5.4.0+Atmel3.6.1-2build1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9) ...
yazan@YazanPC:~$  sudo apt-get install avr-libc
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  avr-libc
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 251 not upgraded.
Need to get 4,854 kB of archives.
After this operation, 43.2 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 avr-libc all 1:2.0.0+Atmel3.6.1-2 [4,854 kB]
Fetched 4,854 kB in 4s (1,259 kB/s)   
Selecting previously unselected package avr-libc.
(Reading database ... 193391 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../avr-libc_1%3a2.0.0+Atmel3.6.1-2_all.deb ...
Unpacking avr-libc (1:2.0.0+Atmel3.6.1-2) ...
Setting up avr-libc (1:2.0.0+Atmel3.6.1-2) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) ...
yazan@YazanPC:~$  sudo apt-get install libc6-dev
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
libc6-dev is already the newest version (2.31-0ubuntu9.1).
libc6-dev set to manually installed.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 251 not upgraded.

make and make program commands

        
        yazan@YazanPC:~/Desktop/myfiles$ make  
avr-objcopy -O ihex first.rgb.red.green.out first.rgb.red.green.c.hex;\
avr-size --mcu=attiny44 --format=avr first.rgb.red.green.out
AVR Memory Usage
----------------
Device: attiny44

Program:      64 bytes (1.6% Full)
(.text + .data + .bootloader)

Data:          0 bytes (0.0% Full)
(.data + .bss + .noinit)


yazan@YazanPC:~/Desktop/myfiles$ make program-fabISP
avr-objcopy -O ihex first.rgb.red.green.out first.rgb.red.green.c.hex;\
avr-size --mcu=attiny44 --format=avr first.rgb.red.green.out
AVR Memory Usage
----------------
Device: attiny44

Program:      64 bytes (1.6% Full)
(.text + .data + .bootloader)

Data:          0 bytes (0.0% Full)
(.data + .bss + .noinit)


avrdude -p t44 -P usb -c usbtiny -U flash:w:first.rgb.red.green.c.hex

avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions

Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s

avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e9207 (probably t44)
avrdude: NOTE: "flash" memory has been specified, an erase cycle will be performed
         To disable this feature, specify the -D option.
avrdude: erasing chip
avrdude: reading input file "first.rgb.red.green.c.hex"
avrdude: input file first.rgb.red.green.c.hex auto detected as Intel Hex
avrdude: writing flash (64 bytes):

Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.06s

avrdude: 64 bytes of flash written
avrdude: verifying flash memory against first.rgb.red.green.c.hex:
avrdude: load data flash data from input file first.rgb.red.green.c.hex:
avrdude: input file first.rgb.red.green.c.hex auto detected as Intel Hex
avrdude: input file first.rgb.red.green.c.hex contains 64 bytes
avrdude: reading on-chip flash data:

Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.07s

avrdude: verifying ...
avrdude: 64 bytes of flash verified

avrdude: safemode: Fuses OK (E:FF, H:DF, L:E2)

avrdude done.  Thank you.

yazan@YazanPC:~/Desktop/myfiles$

























After finishing all the steps, I decided to write more complex code. Below you can see the new code and the video.

Arduino Code

#include avr/io.h>
#include util/delay.h>
#include time.h>

#define F_CPU20000UL
#define red PA7
#define green PA6
//#define blue PB2
#define Button PA1   //  TX PIN 

int main(void) {
  DDRA = 0b11000000;
  //DDRB = 0b00000100;
  
   while (1) {
      
  if (Button == 1){

    PORTA = 0b1000000;
    delay (500);
    PORTA = 0b0100000;
    delay (500);
  }
  else 
  {
    PORTA = 0b11000000;
    delay (500); 
    PORTA = 0b00000000;
    delay (500);
  } 
   }
   }

























Programming boards I designed (for input devices and final project) with my FABISP using Arduino language.

Arduino language is a combination of C/C++, it’s a simple way to program your board without the need to enter to the microcontroller’s registers each time you type a command. Its design to be easy for beginner users and advanced enough for advanced users.

I used this language multiple times during this course. like when I programmed the input devices board to control the DC rotation direction depending on the touch sensor HERE, and when I programmed my final project board to light up each country area depending on the selected country in the mobile application HERE.